earthquake

An earthquake (also known as tremors and temblors) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above this.

Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998

Global plate tectonic movement

green house effect

Main articles: Greenhouse gas and Greenhouse effect

The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research. The scientific consensus^[14][15] is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the industrial era, and the observed warming cannot be satisfactorily explained by natural causes alone.^[16] This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824^[17][18][19] and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. It is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. Existence of the greenhouse effect as such is not disputed. The question is instead how the strength of the greenhouse effect changes when human activity increases the atmospheric concentrations of some greenhouse gases.

Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). The monthly CO₂ measurements display small seasonal oscillations in an overall yearly uptrend; each year's maximum is reached during the Northern Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during the Northern Hemisphere growing season as plants remove some CO₂ from the atmosphere.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F), without which Earth would be uninhabitable.^[20][21] On Earth, the major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70 percent of the greenhouse effect (not including clouds); carbon dioxide (CO₂), which causes 9–26 percent; methane (CH₄), which causes 4–9 percent; and ozone, which causes 3–7 percent.^[22][23]

Human activity since the industrial revolution has increased the concentration of various greenhouse gases, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO₂, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ and methane have increased by 31% and 149% respectively since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s. These levels are considerably higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores.^[24] From less direct geological evidence it is believed that CO₂ values this high were last attained 20 million years ago.^[25] Fossil fuel burning has produced approximately three-quarters of the increase in CO₂ from human activity over the past 20 years. Most of the rest is due to land-use change, in particular deforestation.^[26]

CO₂ concentrations are expected to rise due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. The rate of rise will depend on uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. The IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios gives a wide range of future CO₂ scenarios, ranging from 541 to 970 ppm by the year 2100.^[27] Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach this level and continue emissions past 2100, if coal, tar sands or methane clathrates are extensively used.^[28]

smantri. what's going on?

i didn't think that's my school.
smantri padang was corrupted.
(realitasekolah.blogspot.com)

i don't know how he/she can say so bad about my school.
he/she is always see at the part of the backside point of view.

*

mgkin, bagi mrka yg tak bisa brpkir jernih dan slalu su'udzan.
akan trmakan oleh bjuk dan rayuan setan tuk slalu mmfitnah org.
trmsuk mrka yg mmprcayai bgtu saja apa yg provokator bilang.
tnpa bukti kongkret yg jlas dan mnyeluruh.
apa klian prnah mlihat kkn itu?
prnah gak?
gw gak ykin klo klian prnah melihatnya.
bo'ong bgt!

*`the fact 1.
gw gak prnah dnger kalo uang spp itu sbnrnya dbiayai oleh pmerintah.
apalagi tuk SMA.
yg gue tau si, bos trbatas hanya utk pndidikan dasar (SMP-red)
apa pemerintah kita kaya utk mndanai anggaran tahunan sluruh skolah di Indonesia stiap tahunnya?
sdgkan Indonesia msih punya masalah yg lebih pnting dari itu semua.
-membayar hutang.
mnurut buku sejarah yang gue baca.
indonesia msi punya utang US $ 148 milyar di paris club.
kalian byangin aja.
indonesia aja hnya sanggup membayar beberapa triliun rupiah saja setiap periodenya.(5 tahun-red).
sampai kapan kita bisa membayarnya?
tanya kenapa?

*`the fact 2
dia bilang dana pembangunan tahun blakangan terakhir sejak dicanangkannya pembangunan revolusioner kira-kira 5 milyar rupiah.
gue kira itu wajar aja.
scara, semua hasil dari pembangunannya udah jelas.
satu shift bangunan lantai 3 udah jadi.
dan pembangunan satu shift lainnya akan rampung akhir tahun pelajaran mendatang.
apabila tak ada halangan.
labor multimedia baru.
perpustakaan baru.
cat baru.
meja baru. ratusan buah
bangku baru. ratusan buah
papan tulis baru. puluhan jumlahnya.
apa dia pikir semuanya bisa dibeli dengan ratusan juta rupiah?
kalo kita lahir di 50 tahu keblakang.
gue kira hal itu mungkin2 aja.
malah brlebih.
ya kan?

*`conclusion.
smuanya tergantung kalian.
saya disini hanya mnyampaikan pendapat yang lebih jernih.
murni dan tidak memihak.
tanpa su'udzan malah husnudzan.
terlepas dari itu semua.
saya ingin isu ini hanya mnjadi skdar isu belaka.
hilang dan tenggelam bersama kebenaran.

Allahu akbar!